Estimation of the consumption level of four drugs in Beijing using wastewater-based epidemiology / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective: To estimate the consumption level of four drugs in Beijing using wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE). Methods: The primary sludge from one large wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) was collected in Beijing from July 2020 to February 2021. The concentrations of codeine, methadone, ketamine and morphine in the sludge were detected through solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The consumption, prevalence and number of users of four drugs were estimated by using the WBE approach. Results: Among 416 sludge samples, codeine had the highest detection rate (82.93%, n=345) with a concentration [M (Q1, Q3)] of 0.40 (0.22-0.8) ng·g-1, and morphine had the lowest detection rate (28.37%,n=118) with a concentration [M (Q1, Q3)] of 0.13 (0.09, 0.17) ng·g-1. There was no significant difference in the consumption of the four drugs on working days and weekends (all P values>0.05). Drug consumption was significantly higher in winter than that in summer and autumn (all P values <0.05). The consumption [M (Q1, Q3)] of codeine, methadone, ketamine and morphine in winter was 24.9 (15.58, 38.6), 9.39 (4.57, 26.72), 9.84 (5.18, 19.45) and 5.67 (3.57, 13.77) μg·inhabitant-1·day-1, respectively. For these drugs, there was an upward trend in the average drug consumption during summer, autumn and winter (the Z values of the trend test were 3.23, 3.16, 2.19, and 3.32, respectively and all P values<0.05). The prevalence [M (Q1, Q3)] of codeine, methadone, ketamine and morphine were 0.0056% (0.003 4%, 0.009 2%), 0.0148% (0.009 6%, 0.026 7%),0.0333% (0.0210%, 0.0710%) and 0.0072% (0.003 8%, 0.011 7%), respectively. The estimated number of drug users [M (Q1, Q3)] was 918 (549, 1 511), 2 429 (1 578, 4 383), 5 451 (3 444, 11 642) and 1 173 (626, 1 925),respectively. Conclusion: Codeine, methadone, ketamine and morphine have been detected in the sludge of WWTPs in Beijing, and the consumption level of these drugs varies in different seasons.

Estimation of the consumption level of four drugs in Beijing using wastewater-based epidemiology / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective: To estimate the consumption level of four drugs in Beijing using wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE). Methods: The primary sludge from one large wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) was collected in Beijing from July 2020 to February 2021. The concentrations of codeine, methadone, ketamine and morphine in the sludge were detected through solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The consumption, prevalence and number of users of four drugs were estimated by using the WBE approach. Results: Among 416 sludge samples, codeine had the highest detection rate (82.93%, n=345) with a concentration [M(Q1, Q3)] of 0.40 (0.22-0.8) ng·g-1, and morphine had the lowest detection rate (28.37%,n=118) with a concentration [M(Q1, Q3)] of 0.13 (0.09, 0.17) ng·g-1. There was no significant difference in the consumption of the four drugs on working days and weekends (all P values>0.05). Drug consumption was significantly higher in winter than that in summer and autumn (all P values<0.05). The consumption [M(Q1, Q3)] of codeine, methadone, ketamine and morphine in winter was 24.9 (15.58, 38.6), 9.39 (4.57, 26.72), 9.84 (5.18, 19.45) and 5.67 (3.57, 13.77) μg·inhabitant-1·day-1, respectively. For these drugs, there was an upward trend in the average drug consumption during summer, autumn and winter (the Z values of the trend test were 3.23, 3.16, 2.19, and 3.32, respectively and all Pvalues<0.05). The prevalence [M(Q1, Q3)] of codeine, methadone, ketamine and morphine were 0.0056% (0.0034%, 0.0092%), 0.0148% (0.009%, 0.0267%)、0.0333% (0.0210%, 0.0710%) and 0.0072% (0.0038%, 0.0117%), respectively. The estimated number of drug users [M(Q1, Q3)] was 918 (549, 1 511), 2 429 (1 578, 4 383), 5 451 (3 444, 11 642) and 1 173 (626, 1 925). Conclusion: Codeine, methadone, ketamine and morphine have been detected in the sludge of WWTPs in Beijing, and the consumption level of these drugs varies in different seasons.

Near infrared Raman spectral character and diagnostic value of squamous cell carcinoma of oral mucosa / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the value of the near infrared Raman spectroscope in diagnosing oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Near infrared Raman spectra of ten normal mucosa, twenty OSCC and thirty oral leukoplakia (OLK) cases were collected in the research. Based on the previous researches, the information of the subtracted spectra of compared group was gained by the characteristic band in them. A Gaussian radial basis function support vector machine was used to classify spectra and establish the diagnostic models. The efficacy and validity of the algorithm were evaluated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>By analyzing the subtracted mean spectra, the increasing peak intensity in wavenumber range of 500-2 200 cm(-1) hinted us of the high contents of DNA, protein and lipid in OSCC, which elucidate the high proliferative activity. The increasing peak intensity in the wavenumber range of 500-2 200 cm(-1) hinted us of the high contents of DNA, protein and lipid in OSCC, which elucidate the high proliferative activity, but the difference between OLK and OSCC was not as much as that between normal and OSCC. The Gaussian radial basis function support vector machine showed powerful ability in grouping and modeling of normal and OSCC, and the specificity, sensitivity and accuracy were 100%, 97.44% and 98.81% correspondingly. The algorithm showed good ability in grouping and modeling of OLK and OSCC, the specificity, sensitivity and accuracy were 95.00%, 86.36% and 96.30%.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Combined with support vector machines, near infrared Raman spectroscopy could detect the biochemical variations in oral normal, OLK and OSCC, and establish diagnostic model accurately.</p>